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Physicists at CERN have directly measured proton-oxygen collisions at 9.62 TeV per nucleon pair, closely recreating an important type of interaction that occurs when extremely energetic cosmic rays strike Earth's atmosphere.
The ATLAS experiment analyzed 246 million selected collisions containing more than 5.1 billion reconstructed tracks and found that no major cosmic-ray interaction model successfully reproduced all the observed particle behavior.
The measurements could improve simulations used to determine the energies, masses and possible origins of cosmic rays that are too energetic to measure directly with instruments in space.
Earth is constantly being bombarded by particles from space, but the most energetic arrivals are difficult to understand because scientists rarely observe them directly.
Instead, researchers usually detect the vast showers of secondary particles created when a cosmic ray smashes into a molecule high in the atmosphere. Working backward from those showers requires computer models that attempt to reconstruct the original particle and the collision that started everything.
There is a problem. Different models can produce substantially different answers.
Physicists working with CERN's ATLAS experiment have now recreated one of those atmospheric collisions under controlled conditions by smashing protons into oxygen nuclei inside the Large Hadron Collider. The measurements, reported in…
After a long wait and a handful of delays along the way, System76 has finally released its Rust-written Cosmic desktop environment, albeit in public alpha form. Cosmic DE takes the Gnome-based Cosmic Shell extension to the next level with a Wayland- and hybrid graphics-only setup. Philosophically, however, it seems like the developers of Pop!_OS want users to use the applets in the dock and panel for most of their daily needs.
The alpha release includes the features most users require for day-to-day use. Applets in the panel provide important functionality including connecting to wireless networks, audio output and input device selection, and connecting to bluetooth devices.
Cosmic DE delivers System76's custom cosmic compositor with its hybrid tiled-floating approach, alongside custom core apps, like Cosmic Files, Cosmic App Store, Cosmic Terminal, Cosmic Text Editor, and Cosmic Screenshot. It's clear from the alpha build features that the tiling window implementation is a priority to System76, since it's very well fleshed-out and responsive, with support for numerous keyboard shortcuts to switch between, rearrange, and tile or float windows. The combined, compact application title and toolbars — where applicable — make Cosmic DE look quite neat and save screen real-estate for more important things…