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For the experimental study under the strong scattering assumption, the experimental data are the same as in ref. 45, whose experimental apparatus is summarized in Fig. 15. We repeat the description here for the readers’ convenience. The He-Ne laser (Thorlabs HNL210L, power: 20 mW, λ = 632.8 nm) illuminated the sample after spatial filtering and beam expansion. The illumination beam was then de-magnified by the telescope (\(f_{L_3}:f_{L_4} = 2:1\)), and the EM-CCD (Rolera EM-C2, pixel pitch: 8 μm, acquisition window dimension: \(1002 \times 1004\)) captured the experimental intensity diffraction patterns. The integration time for each frame was 2 ms, and the EM gain was set to × 1. The optical power of the laser was strong enough for the captured intensities to be comfortably outside the shot-noise limited regime.
L1-4: lenses, F1: pinhole, A1: aperture, EM-CCD: Electron-Multiplying Charge Coupled Device. \(f_{L_3}:f_{L_4} = 2:1\). The object is along both x and y axes. The defocus distance between the conjugate plane to the exit object surface and the EM-CCD is Δz = 58.2 mm
Each layer of the sample was made of…